| Specialist Forestry Services and Carbon |
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Africa, Congo Basin Forest Fund - Assessment of REDD Project Proposals, 2008-2009, Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. Africa, Briefing paper on policy issues concerning REDD in Africa, 2008, DFID. Region: Africa Africa, Briefing paper on policy issues concerning REDD in Africa, 2008, DFID. Africa, Fact-Finding and Identification Mission for Finnish Regional Forestry Programme, 2004, Department for International Development Cooperation (Finland). Region: Africa Although broadly devolved from the Millennium Development Goals, Finland's Aid Resolution identifies a number of areas of particular relevance to forestry. In addition to the delivery of forest products and services, forestry, in which Finland's own economic development is strongly rooted, can have direct beneficial impact on poverty, livelihoods and food security. The Identification and Fact-Finding mission identified and analyzed the best alternatives for Finnish regional forestry cooperation in Horn of Africa. LTS fielded two experts to determine whether there was scope for a regional forestry initiative, lasting initially 3 to 4 years and with a budget of some € 3 million. It was found that such an initiative would have to be relevant to all the countries in the region (Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea) and make a contribution to improved regional cooperation as a step to securing conflict reduction. Armenia, Natural Resource Management & Poverty Reduction Project, 2001, World Bank. Region: Europe & CIS The project aims were to strengthen the institutional capacity of natural resource management agencies, to provide support to a coherent legal, policy and economic framework as well as to build the capacity of local communities to better sustain their livelihoods. The project consisted of three components: Participatory watershed management; forest management; and protected areas management and biodiversity conservation. LTS provided specialist expertise in forest policy, law, institutional review, protected areas and management planning for the preparation and appraisal of the forest and biodiversity components of this project. The consultants provided by LTS had the overall responsibility for the preparation of two components, resulting in a full project appraisal document for the World Bank. Asia, Regional Study on Forestry Policy and Institutional Reforms, Formulation of the Bank's Policy for Forestry, 2000-2001, ADB. Region: Asia The study revised the ADB forest policy and sector strategy to make it consistent with and reflective of the needs of the Developing Member Countries, recent thinking and developments in the sector and to align the policy within ADB's overarching objective of poverty reduction. LTS provided the Forest Policy and Economics Specialist to the Bank's study team, which reviewed the performance of the ADB's current (1995) Policy for Forestry, and the performance of the investment portfolio in the forestry sector; considered how macro-economic factors such as taxes, subsidies and general market failures contribute to poor performance. Based on these findings, the LTS consultant supported the ADB in formulating its Policy for Forestry, which will guide investment decisions and project design in the medium term. Bulgaria, Industrial Review for Bulgarian Post Privatization Fund, 1999, EBRD. Region: Europe & CIS LTS assisted the Bulgarian Post Privatization Fund establish a competitive position of a private client in its target markets. LTS supported the Fund Manager in undertaking an operational, financial and legal due diligence of the Company, which is required prior to presentation of an investment proposal to the Investment Committee. An assessment of the present situation relative to the best industry standards/practices was made. LTS reviewed Western European markets for similar products (main producers, main markets, prices, production costs, distribution channels) and developed a marketing and distribution strategy: review of existing product line and propose a new and sustainable product line and marketing and distribution strategy for the Company. China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Market Development of Bamboo and Rattan Products with Potential, 2005-2008, Common Funds for Commodities. Region: Asia The project was administered by the International Network on Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), and aimed to improve the quality, durability and market opportunities and resource-base of bamboo-based commodities and their sustainable development in least developed countries. The project required the development and introduction of rehabilitation and certification systems for bamboo and rattan resources; provision of design improvement of the bamboo and rattan commodities meeting medium and high quality standards of the developed western markets; and ensured the dissemination of the new technology through training and networking. Project interventions were community-specific and aimed to improve quality of life for the rural poor, through their active involvement and improved commercialisation. LTS was the Supervisory Body providing guidance on best practice re project implementation, management and technical issues to ensure effective project impacts. Ecuador and Guyana, Development Potential of Chainsaw Logging and Milling and Associated Decision Guide, 2006, UK Department for International Development - Forestry Research Programme. Region: South America This is a research project designed to clarify the conversion efficiency of chainsaw log conversion, the flow of costs and benefits that arise and the potential for improving skills and lowering impacts through application of modified reduced logging techniques. The starting point was a comprehensive strategic review of chainsaw conversion, from which the experimental protocols for the field studies were developed. The results from the marketing, conversion and socio-economic studies when combined with the questionnaire outcomes provided the basis for the decision support system. This provides guidance at policy, planning and practitioner levels on how to identify situations where chainsaw conversion could be appropriate and on the conditions, support and control systems that may be required. The project held a regional workshop in Guyana jointly with FAO Regional Forestry Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Europe, Market Assessment of a Biotechnological Process for Timber, 2000, Private. Region: Europe & CIS LTS contributed to wider technical and commercial feasibility study of the potential for the Tri-Perm Process by undertaking a limited assessment of the European market for treated softwood and the potential for the substitution of pine by spruce in established markets. Consultants elaborated on the potential for market penetration by this new process. The research also established market trends, in the European Union, for various categories of preservative treated timber products. Georgia, Development and Testing of a New Forest Auctioning System, 2003-2005, World Bank. Region: Europe & CIS A key activity of this project was to develop a new timber and non-wood forest product auctioning system. This included the preparation of guidelines for sustainable utilisation of forest resources to increase revenue and maintain transparency. The project entailed a revision of current legislation for natural resource utilisation, identification of the types of forest uses reasonable for auctioning, development of an interim regulation for auctioning, testing the new auctioning system and finalising the new forest resource auctioning regulation based on the results of the experiment. LTS managed this contract and was responsible for all outputs. Key tasks included: review of the legal framework of the management and utilisation of forestry resources; development of an objective and auditable model for the determination of reserve prices for auction sales; identifying priority types of forest uses for auctioning and other market based forms of forest resource sales; developing an objective and auditable model for auction sales in the State Forest Department; developing a draft New Forest Resource Auctioning Regulation; producing a detailed protocol and operating procedures manual; and testing and refinement of the new auctioning system. Georgia, Development of National Forest Standards, 2003-2006, World Bank. Region: Europe & CIS Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgia is developing and refining its Government structure, legislation, regulations and standards to comply with its evolution to a market based economy. Under the Soviet system there were over 400 standards relating to forestry. Under the World Bank Forest Sector Development Project, LTS worked with the State Forest Department (2003-2005) through a National Working Group of local counterparts to develop a new set of national standards. As part of the fundamental policy reform, the Group, supported by LTS experts, reviewed existing standards, identified new ones to be established, developed provisions for monitoring and verification of compliance with various standards, prepared a training plan for monitoring and enforcement officials and forest users, and elaborated the draft standards. Georgia, Forest Sector Rationalisation and Institutional Development Study, 2002-2003, World Bank. Region: Europe & CIS The Government of Georgia with assistance from the World Bank has prepared the Georgia Forests Development Project. A key activity of this project is to prepare a detailed, phased and costed plan for the institutional and financial development of the State forest sector, aimed at improving its organisational and operational performance and increasing its economic and fiscal efficiency through the sustainable management of the nation's forests. The LTS consultants had the overall task of reviewing the current forest sector institutional and financial framework and to identify the optimal model for the future role, restructuring and organisational development of these institutions in the field of protection, regulation and state control of forests. Guyana, 1999-2000, Barama Company Limited. Region: South America The project aimed to improve the management and operation of Barama Company's forestry operations to enhance the commercial, environmental and social value of its resources. In the first phase, LTS International developed a Programme of silvicultural and operational research to improve the quality, accuracy and use of information for sustained yield forest management. This included monitoring the environmental and social impacts of a large logging operation and operational audit. In the second phase, LTS International provided Management support to develop enhanced practices and procedures for planning, management and harvesting. Guyana, Timber Forest Products Marketing Study, 2001, Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development. Region: South America LTS consultants prepared for Iwokrama a report that identified the geographical location of potential timber markets and their relative short and longer-term prospects, product requirements and demand for recognised indicators of socially and environmentally responsible business practices. The report analysed current private sector perspectives on investment needs and priorities in the Guyanese forest products sector and the estimated financial requirements to meet potential national and international market demands, both in terms of order size and product specification and quality. Indonesia, Growth and Yield Modelling Framework, 2001-2002, University of Edinburgh. Region: Asia The project aimed to develop knowledge and generic tools for yield regulation of natural forests in tropical developing countries. LTS has facilitated a process to ensure local stakeholders participate in decisions related to future allocation of timber harvested from local forests. The work aimed to develop sustainable utilisation of forests and more equitable distribution of benefits. A pilot study led to a model and illustrated that by embarking on a sensible yield regulation process and using a simple toolbox it becomes feasible for management to integrate resource information rapidly and easily and assess what quantity of timber can be feasibly cut, and weaknesses in information collection and management will be exposed that should be remedied. Indonesia, Tropical Forest Management Programme, 1992-2000, UK Department for International Development. Region: Asia This DFID-funded £20 million programme was designed to promote and develop sustainable management and conservation of forests in Indonesia. The main activities involved developing policy and strategic aspects of forest management within the Ministry of Forestry and improving inter-Ministry co-ordination. Systems were established to estimate yield, reduce loss from logging damage and improve practical silvicultural techniques. LTS was responsible for overall management of the programme and provision of technical and professional expertise to the five major sub-projects focussing on policy and strategic advice at ministerial level, development of new concession management systems, pioneering community conservation initiatives, silvicultural research, wetlands conservation, and national training programmes Kenya, Institutional Support to Forest Sector Reform, 2009, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Finland. The Miti Mingi Maisha Bora Programme (Inception Phase, 2007-2009) is the main instrument supporting the forest sector reform process in Kenya. The overall objective of the programme is increased contribution of forests to economic recovery and poverty alleviation on environmentally and socially sustainable basis. The reform process is at a critical juncture. KFS is positioning as a centre of excellence with regional structures starting to emerge, a new Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife has been established, a 10 year logging ban is nearly removed, and political commitment on forestry in the Mau Forest has reached very high levels. The Forestry Transaction Advisor (FTA) has supported the institutional change process since 2007; this input follows on from the design work undertaken in 2008 for the MMMB 5-year programme (Implementation Phase, 2009-2014). The FTA is assisting with operational procedures for Forest Conservation Committees; the development of the Board position on the conservation of the Mau Forest Complex; preparation of timber licencing pre-qualification and bidding procedures; strategic planning support to the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife; and general support to the Board Kenya, Forestry Transaction Advisor, 2007-2008, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the World Bank. Region: Africa The USAID-funded Forest Rehabilitation and Environmental Management Strengthening (FORREMS) Programme is a six-year initiative (2003-2008) that strengthens government natural resource management institutions, assists local community groups in improving forest and environmental management, aids the rehabilitation of degraded rangelands and improves rural livelihoods with sustainable nature-based enterprises. Together with the World Bank-funded Natural Resources Management Project, FORREMS has worked with the Forest Department (FD) and Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) in improving the enabling framework for sustainable forest management by advancing reforms in Forest Act, draft Forest Policy and Kenya Forest Service (KFS) - a state corporation that will replace the FD in 2007. The Forestry Transaction Advisor acts as the Principal Advisor to the Permanent Secretary, De-Linking Committee, Forest Reform Secretariat and Board on the transition of FD to the KFS. In this regard, the advisor brings to KFS expertise public sector reform such as strategic planning, corporate governance, organisational structuring, budget and finance, human resources management, recruitment and performance contracting. Kenya, Support to Forest Sector Reform - Miti Mingi Maisha Bora, 2008, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finland. Region: Africa Kenya's forest sector is on the cusp of massive institutional reform. A new forest policy and legislation has paved the way for doing forestry more responsibly through restructuring government and encouraging meaningful engagement with the private sector and community forestry associations. LTS assisted with the design of a 5-year "Miti Mingi Maisha Bora - Support to Forest Sector Reform" implementation phase (2009-2014) valued at €22 million. The 5-year programme will: (i) establish capacity within the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife for coordination and regulation of forestry issues including the establishment of a National Forestry Advisory Council, (ii) build capacity within the Kenya Forest Service to deliver a range of quality forestry products and services, (iii) improve the management of gazetted forest reserves in selected pilot areas through improved management practises and partnerships and (iv) increase the income of farmers and communities in selected pilot areas through improved production, processing and marketing of forestry products. Kenya, Uganda & Sri Lanka, Business Planning for Forestry, 2003-2004, Private. Region: Africa and Asia This private sector client has extensive estate areas with potential for commercial plantations set within a local mosaic of forest resources providing environmental and social benefits. The owner of the estate sought advice from LTS to develop a forestry plan consistent with the estates' commercial aims and commitments to sustainable development. The client has timber plantations in excess of its fuelwood needs and wanted to assess the viability and opportunity to develop commercial timber production. LTS provided a team of experts to evaluate the state of the plantations, the prevailing market and the political and institutional environment in which the client is operating in the 3 countries. From these assessments we have developed a suite of strategic options for the client to consider and guidance on which is likely to satisfy their long-term objectives of a sustainable business that supports local economies. Latvia, Economic and Social Impacts of the Green-Field Pulp Mill Project Baltic Pulp Investment in Latvia, 2001, Private. Region: Europe & CIS LTS undertook an assessment of the impacts of a proposed USD1bn pulp mill investment in Latvia. The key outputs included a concise report outlining the more significant costs and benefits of the proposed investment; recommendations for institutional changes which would enhance the Government's capacity to fully appraise the economic and social benefits that might accrue, at regional and national levels, from inward investments and projects for which State support had been requested; and a Forest Sector model which will allow decision-makers to test changes in assumptions and to evaluate different scenarios for the development of Latvia's forest industry. Validation of forecasts of future timber supply was coupled with an assessment of the raw material needs of existing and other planned processing capacity was particularly important. Latvia, Institutional Support for the Development of Private Sector Forestry, 1998-2000, European Commission. Region: Europe & CIS The project assisted the Ministry of Agriculture/Department of Forestry with implementing newly drafted forest policy in line with EU guidelines and ongoing European Forest Policy processes. Targeting the development of private forestry and promotion of the wood sector, LTS provided short-term inputs to establish the support and regulatory framework that will enable the newly drafted forestry policy to be implemented in preparation for accession to the EU. This included harmonising regulations and standards for cultivation and marketing and drafting a national land-use strategy for rural and regional development. The project identified appropriate incentives to stimulate private afforestation and reforestation and proposed an institutional system for certifying of forest propagation material. Latvia, Support to Industrial Cluster Restructuring, 2001, Private. Region: Europe & CIS The project aimed at developing a long term competitive advantage for the Latvian forest based industries with full utilisation of the forest resources that have recognised sustainable management that is increasing in volume and quality. LTS developed a concept of long term vision within a competitive market, including the identification of key issues within the cluster development that is important to the long-term development of a competitive forest cluster. The assignment also high-lighted and demonstrated the importance of a long term vision for industrial sectors and how the administration can support the development and integration with focused investment and support. Malawi, Privatisation of Commercial Forest Plantations, 2001, UK Department for International Development. Region: Africa The privatisation of Malawi's commercial forest plantations was an important element of Malawi’s NFP. DFID and the Malawi Forest Department had prepared an outline of a project to privatise its commercial forestry plantations, to augment resources committed and to integrate Finnish assistance. LTS provided a team of specialists to prepare the project including aspects of feasibility and financing. The purpose of the project was to transfer the management of commercial forest plantations from the public to private sector in a transparent, accountable and effective process addressing poverty, sustainability and equity issues. Montenegro, Forestry Sector Development in Northern Montenegro Project, 2003-2006, Lux-Development. Region: Europe & CIS To support the Government of Montenegro in the transition to a market economy, this project supported the whole state forest sector, from planning and execution of forest resource management to the processing of final wood products including their marketing. The key areas in forest resources include forest management planning and seedling production. In the wood utilising sector the project improved both the wood-raw material procurement and the processing capability of the industry. Selected state-owned forest enterprises and processing industries were suupported through the provisition of logging and wood processing equipment, supplemented by appropriate training and technical assistance. LTS provided the International Project Coordinator (IPC) and project management and technical support. The IPC was responsible for organising the project implementation in the North East region and in Podgorica and reported directly to Lux-Development on Project implementation. South Africa, Certification in the Natural Products Sector and Feasibility of Interventions, 2006, World Conservation Union. Region: Africa Under the umbrella of the recently launched Natural Futures Programme, the World Conservation Union in South Africa (IUCN-SA) and partner PhytoTrade Africa asked LTS and its partners to investigate ethical certification schemes and their accessibility to Southern African small and medium enterprises in the natural products sector. Within the (natural products) sector there are clear opportunities for entrepreneurial development and improved livelihoods for many poor rural communities. LTS took part in a technical team to review existing schemes and assess their appropriateness in a Southern African natural products context, identify associated barriers and opportunities and recommend intervention strategies to improve the accessibility and applicability of certification in this sector. The study informed the Natural Futures programme in the development / adaptation of a new or existing certification system for the benefit of natural product small and medium enterprises and the sector. South Africa, Restructuring of Commercial Forests, 2001-2002, UK Department for International Development. Region: Africa The South African government announced that the state-owned timber plantations company SAFCOL, would be privatized. LTS's support to South Africa's restructuring initiative was a key component of the wider ranging Restructuring Forests in Former Homelands Project, under which DFID supported programmes aimed to alleviate poverty and redress inequality in the former homelands by effectively restructuring the former homelands forests so that they achieve government's policy objectives. There forest were held by state company SAFCOL which owned 332,000 hectares of commercial tree plantations and other assets valued at between 1 and 1.5 billion Rand (some $USD 160-250 million). From 2001-2002 LTS provided high-level privatisation and forestry expertise to review options and assist Department of Public Enterprises to un-block and push through to completion the stalled privatisation of SAFCOL assets and disposal of the remaining commercial forests. Sudan, Forestry Policy and Strategy Development, 2006, US Department of Agriculture. Region: Africa Southern Sudan has a diverse and extensive forestry resource base. After more than 20 years of civil war, this has become degraded and the new government is having to rebuild its structures from effectively a zero base. Following the Comprehensive Peace Agreement the situation in Southern Sudan is in a state of considerable flux. In 2006 LTS was hired by the US Department of Agriculture to assist the new Southern Sudanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry develop a forestry policy and strategy. Relevant policy statements for the presidential address given at the first Southern Sudan parliament were elaborated based on an analysis of a strategic review of the strengths and limitations of the forestry sector and proposed programme of critical interventions. An overall strategy was suggested followed by more detailed treatment of commercial scale plantations and forest industries, natural forests, woodlands and trees in support of agriculture. Uganda, Plan Vivo System, 2003-2005, UK Department for International Development. Region: Africa LTS and ECCM initiated a successful Plan Vivo system in Uganda in 2003, already resulting in significant ancillary benefits beyond offsetting greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon sequestration offers a significant boost in income to farmers engaged in natural forest management, which will be administered in five instalments over 10 years. Revenue generated through initial sales of carbon has offset start up costs for small scale forestry activities in Uganda, thus enabling rural communities to invest in sustainable resource management using income from environmental services. Participants have also gained access to local and national markets for timber, pole wood and fuel wood, fruit and fodder. Nursery establishment and production of seedlings provides additional income to rural communities. In addition, the project will build local and regional capacity and develop generic carbon management systems that may be replicated in other communities throughout the country. Farmers receive $8 per tonne of carbon. On average, farmers will sequester about 60 tonnes of carbon per hectare, resulting in $480 per hectare. This is paid in instalments, subject to meeting monitoring targets (i.e., growth, survival). Since its inception in late 2003, Plan Vivo has generated over $80,000 for rural communities. UK, Chain of Custody Assessment for Marine Timber Procurement, Private Client, 2005. Region: Europe & CIS The general objective of this study was to provide technical expertise in responsible timber procurement to a private client interested in purchasing a large volume of tropical hardwood for marine construction from a legal and sustainable source. Activities included an assessment of different sources of timber according to pre-established environmental and social criteria based on timber companies' track record and paperwork available. A responsible timber purchasing tool kit to inform the Client's procurement systems was also developed. The document presents a set of legal and sustainable criteria and indicators to evaluate the reliability of timber sources, and basic guidelines for chain of custody design for timber of non certified origins. UK, Market Research for Wild Resources Limited, 2003. Region: Europe & CIS LTS was contracted by this private sector client to develop a market assessment and client profile for Wild Resources in its core business area of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Marketing messages and an outline marketing strategy were developed and advice provided on the form and content of promotional and publicity information. UK, Review of Environmental Impact for Short Rotation Forestry in GB, Forestry Commission, 2005, Forestry Commission. Region: Europe & CIS The general objective of this study was to provide an assessment of the potential environmental impact of short rotation forestry using fast growing broadleaved trees in the UK. The recent interest for fast growing non-native species for energy generation/ biomass has raised concern on their potential impact on ecosystems. The review addressed all the environmental aspects of SRF plantations in terms of soil quality, water table balance, pest and diseases risk assessment, along with challenges related to landscape and biodiversity issues. Economics and carbon issues were also reviewed. In partnership with 4 institutions, LTS carried out the study and provided a team of specialists in forest plantation, biomass energy, carbon management, landscape and water management. Worldwide, Evaluation of DFID's Ten Year Renewable Natural Resources Research Programme, 2004-2005, UK Department for International Development. Region: World LTS, in collaboration with the Oxford Policy Management Institute and the Norwegian Agricultural University, was selected to conduct an evaluation of DFID's ten year Renewable Natural Resources Research Programme. This evaluation constituted an important opportunity to reassess and redirect DFID's RNRR programme and strategy within the context of DFID's agenda and priorities as stated in DFID's Research Funding Framework for 2005 to 2007 (final draft/May 2004). Our methodology was process based and designed to identify the impact of the Renewable Natural Resources Strategy on all its stakeholders, across the different disciplines and at practice and policy levels. We will identify key components of the research programmes that impact on poverty. Participatory methodologies will be used to ensure attribution of impacts to different stakeholders and draw together the lessons learnt from all components and relate them to the different stakeholders' interests. Worldwide, Assessment of current capability and future costs for major forest nations to measure and monitor their carbon and scoping capacity for Climate Change mitigation in tropical forest countries, 2008, UK Office of Climate Change. Region: World This assignment was undertaken as part of the Eliasch Review: an independent review that will report to the (UK) Prime Minister on the role of global forests in tackling climate change through existing and new financing mechanisms. The study covered 25 tropical countries worldwide and required the LTS team to assess the national capacity and capability for measuring and monitoring forest as a requirement for reporting on REDD under IPCC guidelines, as well as the cost implications for defined scenarios for measuring and monitoring the major forest nations' forest carbon. The team conceptually mapped the suitability of existing tropical forest for logging and agricultural conversion uses and also calculated the resulting CO2 emissions. A variety of monitoring techniques were used including visual interpretation of satellite data, indirect approaches on satellite data to detect degradation, models of satellite data (e.g. NDFI), Radar use and Lidar use. Worldwide, Evaluation of Finnish Forestry Sector Development Cooperation, 2002 - 2003, DIDC Finland. Region: World LTS fielded a team of 11 national and international consultants to evaluate Finnish forestry development assistance from 1990 to 2002. The aim was to focus on the programme as a whole using individual country programmes as sources of information. The target countries were Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania and the SADC Colleges programme in Africa: Laos, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam in Asia and Mexico. Overall the findings were of high quality technical projects and good professional staff but a tendency to operate in isolation from wider issues. As a consequence, the wider impact was limited. There were several development policy changes applied by Finland during the period reviewed. The Team concluded that Finland has an important role to play in forestry development and a number of comparative advantages from its own history and its favourable political system. Nine recommendations were made to improve the focus and strategic delivery of forestry assistance within the current wider development framework. If adopted, the Team considers that there would be significantly greater wider impact from well-designed, well-managed interventions. Worldwide, Evaluation of International Certification Standards, 1998, Private. Region: World This study was undertaken to provide a critical assessment of international forest certification standards, including the perspective of industry on the future development of certification. LTS conducted market research to examine the views of the forest products industry, environmental NGOs, independent observers, retailers and certification organisations. A critical assessment was made of current certification standards and the future of certification. Worldwide, Medium and Long-term Outlook for the Tropical Timber Market, 2000-2001, International Tropical Timber Organisation. Region: World After the 1997 Asian currency crisis, economic conditions and currencies stabilised, grew and confidence returned to the tropical timber trade. This study for ITTO was to provide a reassessment of the outlook for the tropical timber market in relation to the factors affecting global supply and demand for tropical timber and wood products. Extensive market research in producer and consumer countries was undertaken, followed by preparation of forecasts of supply and demand under various assumptions, using existing and redefined economic models as appropriate. Worldwide, Study on the Impact of Market-Based Instruments and Initiatives on the Trade in Forest Products and Sustainable Forest Management, 2003, Food and Agriculture Organisation. Region: World This research was part of the FAO's global study entitled "The Impact Assessment of Forest Products Trade in the Promotion of Sustainable Forest Management". The LTS study identified and described relevant market-based initiatives and analyzed their impact on forest product trade and sustainable forest management. The study also identified trends for future evolution of market-based instruments that promote sustainable forest management.
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